Archive for October, 2009
Objective: To review scientific publications regarding cardiovascular risk during the menopausal years and that related to currently recognized highly prevalent co-morbid factors within this period.Methods: Citations were selected from a PubMed search and the authors’ files according to their clinical and experimental relevance.Results and Discussion: Although experimental and some observational data have supported the fact that estrogens are beneficial for the female vascular system, these positive actions have been challenged by the results of the Women’s Health Initiative trial and the Million Women Study, which demonstrated an increase in cardiovascular risk and related adverse events. The role of hormone therapy for the menopause has shifted from a preventive use to a limited role in symptom management, for which it remains the most effective intervention. Baseline evaluation of menopausal women should include individual cardiovascular risk assessment, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, elevated body weight, and the metabolic syndrome. Concomitantly, new factors influencing cardiovascular risk have been delineated among postmenopausal women, namely sleeping disorders, depression, vitamin D insufficiency, rheumatoid arthritis, sexual dysfunction, stress, and psychosocial factors. Therefore, a new landscape may be recognized for menopausal women management. Precise evaluation and treatment of each factor should be separately assessed to improve quality of life and reduce cardiovascular disease prevalence. At present, cardiovascular risk reduction strategies are a requisite (albeit underused) for menopausal women. These include education in terms of health, healthy lifestyle, and pharmacologic preventive interventions to reduce co-morbid conditions.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Minimal stimulation or mild stimulation protocols for in vitro fertilization offer many advantages for all patients, but especially for low and high responders. In the current practice of reducing the number of embryos transfered to a maximum of two for a significant number of patients, using aggressive and high-dose gonadotropins to obtain a large, and sometimes excessive, number of oocytes should be questioned.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
This statement explores the implications of reproduction by single individuals, unmarried heterosexual couples, and gay and lesbian couples, and concludes that ethical arguments supporting denial of access to fertility services on the basis of marital status or sexual orientation cannot be justified. This document was reviewed in June 2009. This version replaces the previous version of this document, published in November 2006.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
The Ethics Committee recommends development of evidence-based policies that are patient centered for each IVF center. In most cases, the provision of futile therapies is not ethically justifiable. For those treatments with very poor success rates, clinicians must be vigilant in their presentation of risks, benefits, and alternatives. This document was reviewed in June 2009. This version replaces the previous version of this document, published in October 2004.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Objective: To evaluate pregnancy rates after tubal microsurgical anastomosis.Design: Retrospective study.Setting: Private tertiary care center.Patient(s): Two hundred sixty-one women undergoing tubal microsurgical anastomosis.Intervention(s): Tubal anastomoses were performed by minilaparotomy using microsurgical principles and approximating proximal and distal tubal ends in a two-layer technique with 8-0 ethylon.Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy outcome was analyzed for the technique of sterilization, location of anastomosis, tubal length, age, and semen parameters.Result(s): After exclusion of 89 patients lost to follow-up (34%) and 8 who did not attempt to conceive, 164 of the 261 patients were analyzed.The overall intrauterine pregnancy rate was 72.5%, with a miscarriage rate of 18% and a tubal pregnancy rate of 7.7%. Related to age, the cumulative intrauterine pregnancy rate was, respectively, 81%, 67%, 50%, and 12.5% for patients <36, 36–40, 40–43, and >43 years. Mean time to pregnancy was respectively 6.9, 6.2, and 12.7 months, respectively, for patients aged <36, 36–39, and 40–43 years According to the type of sterilization, intrauterine pregnancies occurred in 72% after ring sterilization, 78% after clip sterilization, 68% after coagulation, and 67% after Pomeroy sterilization. Intrauterine pregnancies and ectopic pregnancies, respectively, occurred in 80% and 3.4% in the isthmo-isthmic, 63% and 18% in the isthmo-ampullar, 75% and 8.3% in the isthmo-cornual, 100% and 0% in the ampullo-ampullar, and 60% and 0% in the ampullo-cornual anastomosis groups. Tubal length after anastomosis did not influence the pregnancy rate. In case of fertile sperm, the pregnancy rate was found to be 80%, and it decreased to 50% in case of subfertile semen.Conclusion(s): Our results clearly demonstrate the validity of tubal microsurgical anastomosis, establishing a quasinormalization of the fertility potential and offering the opportunity for a spontaneous conception.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Objective: To assign cutoff values for human chorionic gonadotropin (?-hCG) in pretreatment and after one methotrexate (MTX) cycle and determine its correspondence to the number of MTX cycles in successfully treated ectopic pregnancy.Design: Retrospective study.Setting: Polish university hospital.Patient(s): 68 women with ectopic pregnancies who qualified for medical treatment.Intervention(s): A single-dose of MTX (50 mg/m2) repeated every 7 days, plus laparoscopy in cases of tubal rupture or increased (?50% over 1 week) ?-hCG concentration.Main Outcome Measure(s): Resolution of serum ?-hCG without the necessity of laparoscopy.Result(s): Success rate was 78% (53 of 64 women). The medians of pretreatment ?-hCG levels in the groups treated successfully and unsuccessfully (943 vs. 3085 mIU/mL) and after the first dose of MTX (564 vs. 4049 mIU/mL) were statistically significantly different. The decrease in ?-hCG level after one MTX dose differed statistically significantly only in successfully treated women. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve cutoff value in the success group indicated an initial ?-hCG level of 1790 and 1218 mIU/mL after one MTX cycle. The median of ?-hCG titer was not statistically different in patients requiring one or more treatment cycles.Conclusion(s): When the ?-hCG level is >1790 mIU/mL, the MTX treatment of ectopic pregnancy is at risk of failure. However, the initial ?-hCG titer is not a predictor of the number of MTX cycles that can guarantee a successful outcome.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Objective: To compare the clinical effects in women with cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) who were treated with either methotrexate (MTX) regimen only or MTX regimen followed by dilation and curettage (D&C).Design: Prospective consecutive clinical cohort study.Setting: University hospital for obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive medicine.Subject(s): Seventy-one cases of CSP.Intervention(s): The subjects were treated with either MTX only (MTX group, 21 cases) or MTX followed by D&C (combined therapy group, 50 cases).Main Outcome Measure(s): Success rates, hysterectomy rates, and time to resolution of serum ?-hCG and the CSP mass were compared between the two groups.Result(s): Compared with the MTX group, the combined therapy group had a shorter time to resolution of the CSP mass and serum ?-hCG. There was no significant difference between the MTX and combined therapy groups regarding success rates (76.2% vs. 90.0%, respectively) and hysterectomy rates (19.0% vs. 8.0%, respectively).Conclusion(s): Both therapies could treat the majority of CSP patients successfully, but the combined therapy resulted in a shorter time of therapy and indicated a more favorable effect.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Objective: To analyze three functional vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphisms (-460C/T, +405G/C, and 936C/T) in women with and without endometriosis and their correlation with VEGF expression in endometrial tissue and peritoneal fluid (PF).Design: Case-control study.Setting: University-based hospital.Patient(s): One hundred eighty-six women with endometriosis and 180 controls without the disease.Intervention(s): Endometrial biopsies were performed by aspiration and PF samples were obtained at laparoscopy.Main Outcome Measure(s): VEGF polymorphisms (?460C/T, +405G/C, and 936C/T) were determined using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)–PCR assay was used to quantify VEGF-A messenger RNA (mRNA) and VEGF-A antigen levels were quantified by ELISA.Result(s): Patients with endometriosis showed a higher VEGF 936T allele frequency than controls. However, the distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies in the other two VEGF (?460C/T, +405G/C) polymorphisms was similar in the endometriosis and control groups. Endometrium and PF from women with endometriosis showed an increase in VEGF levels, but no association was found between the VEGF polymorphisms studied and VEGF expression in endometrial tissue and PF.Conclusion(s): These findings suggest that the VEGF 936C/T polymorphism may be associated with the risk of endometriosis in a Caucasian population, but the increased VEGF levels observed in endometriosis do not appear to be associated with this polymorphism.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Objective: To explore novel endometriosis serum biomarkers by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS).Design: First, we aimed to discover the potential biomarkers of endometriosis by SELDI-TOF-MS. Second, blinded test was performed to characterize the effectiveness of the model by examining the sensitivity and specificity. Third, 29 postoperative patients with endometriosis were recruited to monitor the change of potential biomarkers after laparoscopic surgery.Setting: Collaborative investigation in an academic research environment.Patient(s): Fifty-nine patients with endometriosis, 31 patients without endometriosis, and 30 healthy volunteers.Intervention(s): Blood serum of endometriosis and control group patients.Main Outcome Measure(s): Protein expression.Result(s): Two endometriosis-specific proteins were found in the preliminary screening study. Furthermore, the blinded test was performed and showed a sensitivity of 86.67% and a specificity of 96.77% of the markers for detecting endometriosis, which are significantly higher than those of CA-125 for distinguishing patients with endometriosis from patients without endometriosis. After surgery, the levels of these biomarker proteins decreased to levels comparable with those of patients without endometriosis.Conclusion(s): We discovered the potential biomarkers of endometriosis and set up a diagnostic model with a sensitivity of 86.67% and a specificity of 96.77%, which is significantly higher than that of CA-125 for detecting endometriosis, The levels of these proteins decreased to levels comparable with those of patients without endometriosis.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Objective: To investigate the involvement of inflammation in the development of endometriosis.Design: Case-control study to investigate the association between endometriosis and four inflammation-related genes: interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-1?, and cyclooxygenase-2.Setting: University hospital.Patient(s): We had 196 cases with pathologically proved endometriosis and 397 disease-free women as control subjects.Intervention(s): A total of 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected for genotyping, including functional SNPs and common tagging SNPs.Main Outcome Measure(s): Logistic regression and haplotype analyses were performed to evaluate the genetic effect with adjustment for other covariates.Result(s): Genotypes at each SNP were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in either case or control subjects, except for rs1800871 at IL-10 in the case subjects (P=.04). We found that the individuals carrying minor allele C of a functional promoter SNP rs1800871 at IL-10 was associated with a reduced risk by approximately twofold compared with the common TT genotype. The T allele was reported to have a lower gene expression level than the C allele, suggesting inadequate suppression of inflammation leading to endometriosis development. Haplotype analysis of the IL-10 gene did not yield a better result. Other genes were not associated with endometriosis.Conclusion(s): This study suggests that the functional promoter polymorphism at IL-10 may play a role in the development of endometriosis.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Objective: To investigate how progestogens and combined oral contraceptives change nerve fiber density in peritoneal endometriotic lesions and to identify the types of nerve fibers still present during hormone treatment.Design: Laboratory study using human tissue.Setting: University-based laboratory.Patient(s): Hormonally treated and untreated women with endometriosis undergoing laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, and curettage.Intervention(s): Biopsy samples from peritoneal endometriotic lesions in hormonally treated and untreated women with endometriosis.Main Outcome Measure(s): Types and density of nerve fibers were immunohistochemically determined in peritoneal endometriotic lesions from hormonally treated and untreated women with endometriosis.Result(s): The nerve fiber density (mean ± standard deviation/mm2) in peritoneal endometriotic lesions from hormone-treated women with endometriosis (10.6 ± 2.2/mm2) was statistically significantly lower than in peritoneal endometriotic lesions from untreated women with endometriosis (16.3 ±10.0/mm2). Nerve growth factor and nerve growth factor receptor p75 expression in peritoneal endometriotic lesions were slightly reduced in hormone-treated women with endometriosis compared with untreated women with endometriosis.Conclusion(s): Progestogens and combined oral contraceptives reduced nerve fiber density and nerve growth factor and nerve growth factor receptor p75 expression in peritoneal endometriotic lesions.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
A cross-sectional comparative study among women who underwent surgical treatment for endometriosis revealed that frequency of the Ala/Ala genotype at aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) Pro185Ala polymorphism was three times higher (27.6% vs. 9.9%) in the younger group (?30 years) than in the older group (>30 years). AHHR genotyping may help to identify a subpopulation of women who are susceptible to the earlier onset of endometriosis.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Spontaneous hemoperitoneum in pregnancy (SHiP) is a rare but dramatic cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Emerging evidence suggests that pelvic endometriosis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SHiP.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Examination of 631 infertile women, including 434 women with endometriosis and 197 without endometriosis, revealed an increasing incidence of endometrial polyps, especially in the test subjects with endometriosis, and advanced stages of endometriosis. Expression of Ki-67 and Bcl-2 proteins and MTT assay results were significantly higher in endometrium of patients with endometriosis than in patients without endometriosis. These showed increased proliferation activity and cell proliferation markers not only clinically but also pathologically.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Using data from 27 women with deep rectal endometriosis, managed by segmental resection, we observed that in 89% of cases active glandular endometrial foci were responsible for a deeper infiltration of rectal layers than that of fibrosis and smooth fibers by 5 mm on average. These data might be useful for surgeons performing rectal nodule excision, suggesting the benefits of administrating postoperative medical treatment to reduce the risk of rectal recurrences caused by remaining active endometriotic foci.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
After repetitive surgery for recurrent endometriosis, 20 of 89 (22%) women achieved spontaneous pregnancy, compared with 165 of 411 (40%) after first-line procedure (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.32 to 0.82), and the 12- and 24-month cumulative pregnancy rates were 14% and 26% in the former group compared with 32% and 38% in the latter. Among infertile patients at baseline, 13 of 67 (19%) conceived after reoperation compared with 98 of 290 (34%) after primary surgery (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.30 to 0.99), and the 12- and 24-month cumulative pregnancy rates were 13% and 22% in the former group and 25% and 30% in the latter.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
This prospective cohort study tested whether the most common hereditary thrombophilia, factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation, is associated with nonpregnancy after IVF. Factor V Leiden mutation prevalence was very low (1.6%) and had a preliminarily positive association with pregnancy, suggesting that routine testing in a general IVF population for FVL mutation as a cause of IVF failure and infertility is not indicated.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Many patients who receive co-treatment with GnRH agonists (GnRH-a) during chemotherapy treatment preserve their ovarian function and are at risk of unintended pregnancies. Therefore, it is important to offer them effective contraception. Also, pregnancies occurring after cancer therapy in women who received GnRH-a are not associated with adverse neonatal outcomes.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Objective: To evaluate whether stimulation of endometrium embryo transfer (SEET) can improve implantation rate and pregnancy rate (PR) for patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) for the first time by injecting embryo culture supernatant into the uterus before blastocyst transfer (BT).Design: Randomized, controlled trial.Setting: Private in vitro fertilization clinic.Patient(s): Forty-eight women in the BT group, 48 women in the stimulation group who had culture medium injected into the uterus before BT, and 48 women in the SEET group.Intervention(s): Injection of embryo culture supernatant and injection of culture medium.Main Outcome Measure(s): Implantation rates and PRs.Result(s): Odds ratios of successful implantation rate for stimulation and SEET in patients with high-grade blastocysts, having BT as reference, were 2.58 and 6.46 without adjustment, and 5.91 and 9.20 after adjusting for basal FSH levels and period of infertility. Odds ratios of clinical pregnancies were 2.47 and 4.32 without adjustment, and 4.46 and 5.10 with adjustment, respectively. In groups with low-grade blastocysts, such tendencies were not observed.Conclusion(s): The SEET may be an effective method for increasing implantation rate and PR for first-time ART patients who have a high-grade blastocyst.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Objective: To evaluate the correlation between basal serum FSH level before the fresh IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycle and the clinical outcome of the subsequent frozen embryo replacement cycles.Design: Retrospective observational study.Setting: University tertiary referral center, London, United Kingdom.Patient(s): Five hundred four consecutive frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles where serum FSH levels were obtained, on days 1–4 of the cycle before the fresh IVF ± ICSI cycles.Intervention(s): Frozen-thawed embryo transfer.Main Outcome Measure(s): Clinical pregnancy (CP) and live birth (LB).Result(s): Basal serum FSH in 127 women (25.2%) who had a CP was significantly lower compared with that in women who did not have a CP. Multivariate regression analysis showed significant correlation between basal serum FSH levels and clinical pregnancy and a low significance to LB, but there was no statistical significant differences between women who had a CP and those who did not with regard to age, treatment protocol (natural or hormone treatment cycle), or the freeze-thaw interval. The LB rate was higher in natural cycles (n = 71; 21.2%) than in hormone treatment cycles (n = 28; 16.7%). Conceiving in the fresh cycle had a positive influence on the FET outcome.Conclusion(s): Basal serum FSH level before fresh IVF/ICSI cycle is inversely correlated to a CP outcome in FET cycles. A trend was present between FSH levels and LB, but this failed to reach statistical significance.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Objective: To examine information on preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) presented on IVF clinic websites.Design: We systematically sampled every third IVF clinic on the 2004 Centers for Disease Control provider list.Setting: The Internet.Patient(s): None.Intervention(s): None.Main Outcome Measure(s): Benefits, risks, and other types of information mentioned regarding PGD.Result(s): Of 135 sites examined, 88.1% had websites, and 70% mentioned PGD, of which 27% were university- or hospital-based and 63% were private clinics. Sites mentioning PGD listed uses and benefits of PGD far more than the risks involved. Of these sites, 76% described testing for single-gene diseases, but fewer mentioned risks of missing target diagnoses (35%) or risks for loss of embryo (18%), and 14% described PGD as new or controversial. Private clinics were more likely than other programs to be on either the East or West Coast, list certain PGD risks (e.g., diagnostic error), note that PGD was new or controversial, reference source of PGD information, provide accuracy rates of genetic testing of embryos, and offer gender selection for social reasons.Conclusion(s): Most IVF clinics advertise PGD online, but the scope and quality of information about it varies widely, emphasizing benefits while minimizing risks. Clinics and patients may benefit from more thorough and consistent presentation of PGD, drawing on available evidence to best provide a realistic portrayal of PGD.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Objective: To evaluate the predictive value of a serum P/E2 ratio measured on the day of hCG administration regarding pregnancy outcomes in high responders undergoing IVF.Design: Retrospective study.Setting: Teaching hospital.Patient(s): Two hundred twenty-three infertile women classified as high responders in IVF-ET cycles.Intervention(s): Eligible infertile women undergoing IVF were assigned to four groups according to serum P levels on the day of hCG administration: group 1, P?0.9 ng/mL; group 2, 0.9 < P?1.4 ng/mL; group 3, 1.4 < P?2.0 ng/mL; group 4, P>2.0 ng/mL. The relationship of E2 level and P/E2 ratio on the day of hCG administration and pregnancy outcomes was analyzed.Main Outcome Measure(s): Implantation and pregnancy rate.Result(s): Patients in group 4 had highest E2 level and P/E2 ratio, as well as lowest implantation and pregnancy rates. Using P for grouping, the sensitivity/positive predictive values (%/%) of P/E2 ratio in the four groups were 15/66, 30/65, 30/60, and 25/41, respectively.Conclusion(s): Using the level of a single sex hormone on hCG day to predict pregnancy outcome in high responders undergoing IVF is confounding, whereas using a P/E2 ratio on hCG day is theoretically reasonable. However, the low sensitivity and positive predictive value make the use of P/E2 clinically unfeasible.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Objective: To determine whether the p53 codon 72 single nucleotide polymorphism, a change of the amino acid arginine (Arg) to proline (Pro) resulting from a single nucleotide mutation of guanine (G) to cytosine (C), has a clinically significant effect on implantation rate in fresh IVF cycles.Design: Prospective cohort analysis.Setting: University-affiliated private IVF center.Patient(s): One thousand fifty-six female patients undergoing fresh nondonor IVF cycles.Main Outcome Measure(s): Embryo implantation rate.Result(s): Of the 1,056 patients (2,600 total embryos transferred) undergoing their first IVF cycle, 289 had no implantation events and attempted a second cycle. Of the 289 patients in their second cycle, 72 had no implantation events and attempted a third cycle. The p53 codon 72 single nucleotide polymorphism frequencies in the first cycle (homozygous major allele Arg/Arg [G_G] = 45%, heterozygous allele Arg/Pro [G_C] = 44%, and homozygous minor allele Pro/Pro [C_C] = 11%) did not differ significantly across subsequent IVF cycles. There was no statistically significant difference in embryo implantation rate with respect to the single nucleotide polymorphism.Conclusion(s): The p53 codon 72 single nucleotide polymorphism lacks a clinically significant effect on embryo implantation rate in patients undergoing fresh nondonor IVF cycles.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Objective: To determine the role of the natural cycle for in vitro fertilization (IVF) in poor responder patients.Design: Retrospective survey.Setting: Private center for assisted reproduction.Patient(s): 294 women who were poor responders in a previous IVF cycle.Intervention(s): Analysis of 500 consecutive natural cycles IVF.Main Outcome Measure(s): Number of cycles with oocytes, pregnancy rate per cycle, per transfer, and implantation rate.Result(s): Oocytes were found in 391 cases (78.1%), and cleaving embryos suitable for transfer were obtained in 285 cycles (57.0%). Pregnancy was observed in 49 cases, with a pregnancy rate of 9.8% per cycle, 17.1% per transfer, and 16.7% per patient. The patients were subdivided arbitrarily by the women’s age into three groups. Patients 35 years old or younger showed a pregnancy rate of 18.1% per cycle, 29.2% per transfer, and 31.7% per patient. Women aged between 36 and 39 years showed a pregnancy rate of 11.7% per cycle, 20.6% per transfer, and 20.3% per patient. Women 40 years old or older showed a pregnancy rate of 5.8% per cycle, 10.5% per transfer, and 9.7% per patient. No differences were found for any of the evaluated parameters, independent of which cycle was the first, the second, third, fourth, or fifth, or further consecutive cycle.Conclusion(s): In poor responder patients, natural-cycle IVF is an effective treatment, especially in younger women.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
Objective: To determine whether either single or double fresh blastocyst transfers result in a sex-ratio imbalance in resulting offspring compared with transfers on day 2 or 3 and whether there is a correlation between rate of embryo development and sex of the embryo.Design: Retrospective analysis.Setting: Large IVF center.Patient(s): Four hundred thirty-five live births from single fresh ETs for the period January 2005 through July 2007 and 2,043 live births from double ETs for the same period.Intervention(s): Statistical analysis performed on sex ratio of offspring resulting from transfers (day 2, day 3, day 4, and blastocyst), as well as on the stage of development reached for each day in culture analyzed on sex of the embryo.Main Outcome Measure(s): Sex ratio of offspring by day of transfer. Stage of embryonic development by sex for each day in culture.Result(s): There was no difference in sex ratio with blastocyst transfer (single or double). There was no difference in speed of embryonic development at any stage in vitro.Conclusion(s): Male embryos do not grow faster than female embryos in culture. Blastocyst transfer does not result in a sex-ratio imbalance in resulting offspring.
Posted on October 21, 2009 | Filed under Fertility News | Permalink
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